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Checking Connectivity

Ping

Test if a host is reachable. Example: ping -c 4 google.com

Traceroute:

Shows each hop on the path to a host.

Netstat:

Show open ports, listening services. Standard usage:
ss -tuln

Curl

Verify web service responses.

Netcat:

Swiss Army Knife of network tools.
Good for checking for open ports, connecting to one, sending or resiving TCP or UDP packages.